This fallacy occurs when a person draws a general conclusion about a group, phenomenon, or situation based on a small number of cases or limited experience, without sufficient evidence to justify such a generalisation.
Definition:
A hasty generalisation is a reasoning error in which a general conclusion is drawn solely from a few observations or unrepresentative examples. This fallacy often occurs when the diversity and size of the sample are ignored, and the conclusion is stated without solid statistical or logical support.
Typical structure of this fallacy:
1. Observation of one or a few specific cases.
2. Drawing a general conclusion about the entire group or phenomenon.
Examples from real life:
1. Politics:
“Two politicians from this party have been involved in financial corruption; therefore, all members of this party are corrupt.”
Here, it should be noted that the misconduct of a few individuals cannot by itself prove the corruption of an entire party.
2. Science and research:
“I know two people who did not lose weight with this diet; therefore, this diet does not work for anyone.”
Here, it should be noted that the success or failure of a diet can depend on various factors such as age, metabolism, and the individual’s adherence to the plan.
3. Personal experience:
“My bag was stolen once in that city, so that city is unsafe.”
Here, it should be noted that one limited personal experience cannot reflect the overall level of safety in a city.
4. Social relationships:
“I had problems with two foreign colleagues; therefore, working with foreigners is difficult.”
Here, it should be noted that individual traits cannot be attributed to all members of a group.
Why is this fallacy dangerous?
● It leads to the formation of prejudices and false stereotypes.
● It can result in hasty and unfair decision-making.
● It presents incomplete evidence as if it were complete and reliable.
How can we recognise and respond to it?
Ask:
– Are the samples large and diverse enough?
– Are the samples truly representative of the whole group or phenomenon?
– Are the data sources reliable?
A suitable response might be: “To make a general conclusion, we need to examine more cases to get a clearer picture.”
Conclusion:
The hasty generalisation fallacy, by relying on insufficient evidence, leads to broad and inaccurate conclusions. To avoid it, one should increase the sample size and diversity of data and use arguments based on comprehensive and reliable evidence. In all cases, one should also look for examples that contradict or challenge one’s conclusion.